10 Moments from Generative Art Timeline Chapter 2: The Modern Era 1850-1949 by le random.
The Modern Era! On July 20 at 5 p.m. UTC, Le Random has invited Kate Vass to share insights into 10 Moments from Generative Art Timeline Chapter 2: The Modern Era 1850-1949.
This fantastic panel, moderated by the Le Random team @thefunnyguysNFT, features Peter Bauman @MonkAntonytez, and @DlSPUTED. 🎤
Can't make it to the live event? Don't worry! The space was recorded, and you can catch the full discussion here: ➡️ https://twitter.com/i/spaces/1OyJAVVzbAzxb?s=20
Don't miss this chance to dive into the world of generative art and explore its fascinating history. We decided to feature all the 10 points and add additional ones that we did not have a chance to mention during the live talk.
1. The Great Exhibition of London Lights Early Spark of the Arts & Crafts Movement (1851)
A watercolour depicting the royal party on the dais under the baldacchino, at the crossing of the Crystal Palace, with Prince Albert standing at the head of the Commissioners, reading their report to the Queen. Source: https://www.rct.uk
- About the event:
o The Great Exhibition of London, also known as The Crystal Palace Exhibition, took place in 1851. This was the first in a series of World's Fair exhibitions of culture and industry that became popular in the 19th century. It was an early spark of the Arts & Crafts Movement, an international trend in the decorative and fine arts that began in Britain and flourished in Europe and North America.
o The Great Exhibition was organized by Prince Albert and Sir Henry Cole to showcase British industrial technology and culture, but it also ended up featuring works from around the world. It attracted over six million visitors and displayed thousands of objects from various contributors, including manufacturers, companies and individuals. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Exhibition
o Exhibition's impact resonated into the art world, foreshadowing the emergence of the Arts & Crafts movement later in the century. This movement was a response to the Industrial Revolution's mechanization and mass production, advocating for a return to handcrafted goods, which they believed held more character and quality. The movement sought to promote craftsmanship, traditional techniques, and the integration of art into everyday life. Led by influential figures such as William Morris, John Ruskin, and Charles Rennie Mackintosh https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement
§ Connection with Art Nouveau (late 19th – early 20th century – France / other variations: Secession – Austria / Jugendstil – Germany / Modernisme – Spain)
· This movement took some ideas from the Arts & Crafts movement (like the value of good design and craftsmanship), but combined these with more organic forms, often inspired by nature. Unlike Arts & Crafts, Art Nouveau embraced some aspects of industrialization and was more open to using new materials and techniques.
· Political situation in France (during the style Art Nouveau):
o Art Nouveau, or 'new art' in French, emerged during a period of significant political stability known as the Belle Époque or 'beautiful era' in France. This period, from the end of the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 to the start of World War I in 1914, was characterized by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity, and technological, scientific, and cultural innovations.
o Third Republic: France was governed by the Third French Republic during the Art Nouveau period.
o Colonial Expansion: France was engaged in an era of colonial expansion during this period, particularly in Africa and Southeast Asia.
o Paris as a Cultural Hub: Paris was at the center of the Art Nouveau movement and a vibrant cultural hub during this time.
§ Connection with Bauhaus (1919-1933)
· The Bauhaus was a school of design in Germany that combined crafts and fine arts. It was founded by architect Walter Gropius who believed in creating a total work of art in which all arts. While the Bauhaus rejected the ornamental aspects of both the Arts & Crafts movement and Art Nouveau, it carried their ideals forward in the idea that design and architecture could and should be used to improve society.
· Political situation in Germany (also see point 6.):
o Weimar Republic (1919-1933): The Bauhaus was established just after the end of World War I, during the period of the Weimar Republic. This era was marked by political unrest, economic volatility (including hyperinflation in the early 1920s), and the cultural flowering known as the Weimar Renaissance.
o The Great Depression (1929): The global economic downturn greatly affected Germany, leading to high unemployment rates and severe economic hardship. These conditions contributed to public disaffection with the Weimar government and the rise of the Nazi party.
o Rise of the Nazi Party (1933): The Bauhaus was viewed with suspicion by the Nazi regime due to its modernist styles and its international (and thus 'un-German') influences. Increasing pressure from the Nazi regime led to the closure of the Bauhaus school in 1933.
- Political situation worldwide:
o 1851 was a time of relative peace but increasing global connectivity.
§ British Empire was nearing its height
§ United States was gearing towards a civil war
§ Europe was dealing with the aftermath of the 1848 Revolutions which saw numerous political and social changes.
- Important innovations:
o Vibrant era due to the ongoing Industrial Revolution
o Steam Power and Railways: Steam power had been rapidly developing throughout the first half of the 19th century. By the 1850s, steam-powered railways had started to crisscross countries.
o Telegraph system: It was also improving and expanding, enabling faster communication across long distances. Samuel Morse developed the telegraph in the 1830s-1840s – Morse system
o Sewing Machine: It was invented by Elias Howe and improved upon by Isaac Singer, revolutionized the textile industry and home sewing in the 1850s.
o Iron and Steel Construction: The Industrial Revolution introduced new materials and techniques that greatly influenced architecture. The development of affordable and robust cast iron and steel catalyzed significant advances in construction. (One of the most famous examples is the Crystal Palace itself.)
o invention of photography took place in the early 19th century in 1827, and by 1851, it was already well-established
- Other scientific events:
o 1851 saw the publication of Herman Melville's "Moby-Dick"
o The first issue of the New York Times
- Iconic artworks:
o J. M. W. Turner - Rain, Steam, and Speed – The Great Western Railway (1844)
o Gustave Courbet The Stone Breakers (1849-50)
o Arts and Craft:
§ William Morris - Wallpaper Designs (1862–1910)
§ William Morris - Red House, 1860
2. Modern art Begins: Manet’s Work Rejected by Paris Salon (1863) + Cézanne’s Mont Sainte-Victoire Series (1870-1906)
Paul Cézanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire and the Viaduct of the Arc River Valley, 1882-1885 Source: https://drawpaintacademy.com
- About the event:
- Manet’s work was rejected:
- Manet’s innovative approach of painting modern life and his radical style (looser, more gestural style + his focus on modern, urban subject matter) challenged the conventions of academic painting and were deemed too provocative by traditional standards. His famous painting “Le déjeuner sur l'herbe” (The Luncheon on the Grass) was notably rejected by the Salon. The public rejection led to the Salon des Refusés, an exhibition of works rejected by the Salon, where Manet's work was displayed. (Édouard Manet was not strictly an Impressionist painter!)
- - Cezanne, Mont Sainte Victoire Series:
- Paul Cézanne’s “Mont Sainte-Victoire” series, painted between 1870 and 1906, were critical in transitioning from 19th-century conception to a new and radically different world of art in the 20th century. His work is often described as bridging Impressionism and the development of Cubism.
- Political situation worldwide:
- American Civil War (1861-1865): This was one of the most transformative and deadly wars in U.S. history, leading to the abolition of slavery and significant changes in American society and the economy.
- Unification of Germany (1871): Under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, the German states were unified into a single nation, changing the balance of power in Europe.
- In France – see above (Art Nouveau)
- Important innovations:
- Telephone (1876): Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone, drastically changing the way people communicate.
- Phonograph (1877): Thomas Edison invented the phonograph
- Electric Light Bulb (1879): Another invention of Thomas Edison. It had a huge effect on society, extending the potential for productivity into the darker hours.
- Automobiles (1885-6): German inventors Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler independently developed what are considered the first practical automobiles.
- Radio (1895): Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian inventor, demonstrated the practical use of radio waves for communication.
- X-Rays (1895): Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, a German physicist, discovered X-rays, opening up a new era in medical diagnostics.
- Airplane (1903): The Wright Brothers made the first successful controlled flight.
- Other scientific events:
- Theory of Special Relativity (1905): Albert Einstein published the theory of special relativity.
- The Eiffel Tower, completed in 1889
- Iconic artworks:
- Édouard Manet - Olympia (1863)
- Vincent van Gogh - The Starry Night (1889)
- Auguste Rodin - The Thinker (1904)
3. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon by Picasso kicks off Cubism (1907)
Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 by Pablo Picasso Source: https://www.pablopicasso.org/avignon.jsp
- About the event:
- The painting "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" by Pablo Picasso is widely acknowledged as a landmark in the evolution of modern art. Created in 1907, this work displays a radical departure from traditional painting norms, incorporating multiple perspectives within a single image and introducing elements of African tribal masks, two key characteristics that would later be associated with Cubism. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon
- Cubism was a revolutionary new approach to representing reality invented in around 1907–08 by artists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. Influenced by the works of Paul Cézanne, who himself had attempted to break down objects into their geometric constituents. Together, they developed a revolutionary style where objects were analyzed, broken up and reassembled in an abstracted form. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/c/cubism
- Political situation worldwide:
- Triple Entente Formed: One of the most pivotal political events of 1907 was the formation of the Triple Entente. This was a diplomatic and military alliance between the United Kingdom, France, and Russia
- Immigration Act of 1907 in the United States: In the United States, the Immigration Act of 1907 was passed. This act represented a growing movement within the United States to place restrictions on immigration, specifically targeting Asians.
- Important innovations:
- Color Photography (1907) - The Autochrome Lumière process: the first practical color photography process, was patented in 1903 by the Lumière brothers in France and marketed in 1907.
- Bakelite (1907): Leo Hendrik Baekeland invented Bakelite, the first synthetic plastic, made from phenol and formaldehyde.
- Plastic: Belgian-born American Leo Hendrik Baekeland invented Bakelite in 1907, the first synthetic plastic
- Other iconic artworks:
- Gustav Klimt - The Kiss (1907-1908)
- Henri Matisse – The Blue Nude (Souvenir de Biskra) (1907)
Group IV, The Ten Largest, No. 7, Adulthood (1907) by Hilma af KlintSource: https://www.guggenheim.org
4. The Ten Biggest, No 7 by Hilma af Klint (1907)
- About the event:
- It is a part of a series of paintings by the Swedish artist Hilma af Klint. Created in 1907, this artwork is one of ten large, abstract paintings that trace the different stages of life, from childhood to old age. Klint’s works were colorful, bold, and rich in symbolism, often drawing on spiritual and philosophical concepts. In fact, she was creating abstract paintings several years before Kandinsky, Mondrian, and Malevich, who are traditionally considered the pioneers of European abstract art.
- Her art was first shown to the public in the 1980s, and it was not until the 21st century that she began to be recognized.
Hilma af Klint led a life devoted to transcendental spiritualism, a religious movement that thrived in literary and artistic circles in Europe and America during the early 20th century. This movement was centered on the belief that communication with spirits was possible, and séances were commonly held to receive messages from the deceased or other spiritual entities. Af Klint's involvement in séances began in her teenage years in 1879.
In 1906, during one such séance when she was 43 years old, the artist claimed to have received a divine commission. She believed that a higher being had tasked her with creating paintings on a transcendental plane, destined to be displayed in a circular temple designed specifically to house them. Over the following nine years, af Klint completed what she called her "great commission," comprising a massive series of 193 works known as The Paintings for the Temple. This collection includes her earliest abstract pieces, as well as the paintings currently showcased in this gallery.
Af Klint intended The Ten Largest, a group of paintings from 1907, to be displayed together, creating what she described as a "beautiful wall covering," just as they are presented here.
5. Tatlin and Rodchenko Found Constructivism (1915) and Malevich Stages the 0.10 Exhibition with Black Square. (1915)
Aleksandr Rodchenko Composition, 1919. Source: https://www.moma.org
- About the event:
- Constructivism:
- Constructivism was founded in Russia around 1915 by Vladimir Tatlin and Alexander Rodchenko. They sought to create art that was practical, functional, and accessible to the masses. It also celebrated the advancements of industrialization and embraced modern materials and techniques. Constructivism emphasized the social and political aspects of art. Artists believed that art should serve a greater purpose and contribute to the construction of a new society. It aimed to integrate art into everyday life. They believed that art should be present in all aspects of society, from architecture and design to advertising and propaganda. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(art)
- Suprematism:
- In 1915, Kazimir Malevich, a Russian avant-garde artist, organized the 0.10 Exhibition in Petrograd (now St. Petersburg). Malevich and his fellow artists rejected representational art and sought to explore new forms of expression that went beyond depicting the physical world. They aimed to capture the essence of pure artistic creation and transcend the limitations of conventional art forms. At the center of the exhibition stood Malevich's "Black Square," a simple black square painted on a white canvas. This seemingly minimalistic artwork was a revolutionary statement, representing a departure from the objective world and embracing abstraction. Malevich described the "Black Square" as the "zero of form" and saw it as a symbol of the new spiritual and metaphysical possibilities of art.
- Main differences between the two movements:
- Constructivism aimed to integrate art with technology and industry, emphasizing practicality, functionality, and social engagement. It was closely associated with the social and political ideals of the Russian Revolution. It aimed to contribute to the construction of a new society
- Suprematism, on the other hand, focused on the spiritual and metaphysical aspects of art, seeking to transcend the physical world and explore pure forms and colors. It was more focused on the individual artist's exploration of metaphysical and spiritual dimensions
- Political situation worldwide:
- Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (1914)
- World War I (1914-1918): The outbreak of World War I in 1914
- World War I and the Russian Front: In 1914, Russia entered World War I as part of the Allied Powers.
- Mexican Revolution (1910-1920): The Mexican Revolution was a major armed conflict that took place in Mexico, starting in 1910.
- Chinese Revolution of 1911: The Chinese Revolution of 1911, also known as the Xinhai Revolution, marked the end of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China.
- Balkan Wars (1912-1913): The Balkan Wars were a series of conflicts that took place in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe
- Important innovations:
- The Assembly Line (1913): Henry Ford installed the first moving assembly line for the mass production of an entire automobile in Highland Park, Michigan
- Neon Lighting (1910): Georges Claude, a French engineer, and inventor, developed the neon discharge tube for use in lighting.
- Stainless Steel (1913): English metallurgist Harry Brearley discovered stainless steel while experimenting with different types of steel for gun barrels.
- Other scientific events:
- Theory of General Relativity (1915): Albert Einstein presented his theory of general relativity in 1915, revolutionizing our understanding of gravity and spacetime.
- Sink of Titanic (1912)
- Other iconic artworks:
- Wassily Kandinsky - Composition VII (1913)
- Marcel Duchamp - Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912)
- Kazimir Malevich - Black Square (1915)
- Giacomo Balla - Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash (1912)
- Franz Marc – Blue Horse I (1911)
6. Walter Gropius Founds Bauhaus (1919)
Gropius drafted the Bauhaus manifesto in 1919. Photo is by Louis Held, taken in 1919. Source: https://www.dezeen.com
- About the event:
- In 1919, German architect Walter Gropius founded the Bauhaus, a groundbreaking art school in Weimar, Germany. The Bauhaus aimed to bridge the gap between art, craft, and industry, promoting a holistic approach to design and incorporating elements of fine arts, architecture, crafts, and technology. Gropius envisioned the Bauhaus as a place where artists and craftsmen could work together, breaking away from traditional academic hierarchies. The school's philosophy aimed to bring about social and cultural change through design. Artists: Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, László Moholy-Nagy, and Josef Albers. It offered a curriculum that combined theoretical studies, workshops, and practical training, with an emphasis on experimentation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus
- Political situation worldwide:
- World War I (1914-1918): World War I continued to be a major political event during this period.
- Russian Revolution (1917)
- Treaty of Versailles (1919): The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed on June 28, 1919, in France, marking the official end of World War I.
- Important innovations:
- Invention of the Tank (1915): During World War I, the British army introduced the first armored fighting vehicle known as the tank.
- Technicolor for Film (1916): Technicolor was an important innovation in the film industry that allowed movies to be made in color, rather than just black and white.
- Other scientific events:
- Spanish Flu Pandemic (1918-1919): The Spanish Flu pandemic, one of the deadliest pandemics in history, occurred between 1918 and 1919
- Other iconic artworks:
- Fountain - Marcel Duchamp (1917)
- The City - Fernand Léger (1919)
- Amedeo Modigliani - Women with Red Hair (1917)
7. Marcel Duchamp and Man Ray Create Rotary Glass Plates (1920)
- About the event:
- Rotary Glass Plates" (also known as "Rotoreliefs") was a collaborative project between Marcel Duchamp and American artist Man Ray. It consisted of a series of small glass discs with abstract designs painted on them. When spun on a phonograph turntable or a device called a "stroboscope," the rotating discs created optical illusions of movement and produced a dynamic visual experience. The collaboration between Duchamp and Man Ray on "Rotary Glass Plates" explored the intersection of art, motion, and technology. Man Ray set up equipment to photograph the initial experiment, but when they turned the machine for the second time, a drive belt broke and caught a piece of the glass, which after glancing off Man Ray's head, shattered into bits.
- Political situation worldwide:
- Formation of the League of Nations (1920): The League of Nations was founded in 1920 as an intergovernmental organization aimed at promoting international cooperation and preventing future conflicts.
- Irish War of Independence (1919-1921): The Irish War of Independence was a guerrilla war fought between Irish republican forces and British forces in Ireland
- Women's suffrage: In 1920, the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified, granting women the right to vote.
- Prohibition in the United States (1920-1933): The 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1919 and enacted in 1920, banned the production, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages in the country.
- Important innovations:
- Commercial Radio Broadcasting: In 1920, the first commercial radio station, KDKA, began broadcasting in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Sound-on-Film Technology (1919-20): Lee De Forest's Phonofilm system, Lee De Forest, inventor of the audion tube, filed his first patents on a sound-on-film process, DeForest Phonofilm, which recorded sound directly onto film as parallel lines.
- The Band-Aid: Earle Dickson, an employee of Johnson & Johnson, invented the band-aid for his wife who often cut herself while cooking.
- The Hair Dryer: In the early 1920s, the first hand-held hair dryers were introduced to the market.
- Other iconic artworks:
- Max Ernst - Murdering Airplane (1920)
- Piet Mondrian - Lozenge, 1921
8. Gunta Stölzl Named Director of Bauhaus Weaving Workshop (1927)
- About the event:
- Gunta Stölzl's appointment as the director of the weaving workshop at the Bauhaus in 1926. Under Stölzl's guidance, the weaving workshop at the Bauhaus underwent significant transformation. She emphasized the importance of experimentation, craftsmanship, and the integration of art and technology. She encouraged her students to experiment with color, texture, and materials, expanding the possibilities of weaving beyond its traditional confines. Stölzl and her team developed new weaving techniques and materials, incorporating synthetic fibers, metallic threads, and experimental textures. She recognized the potential of textiles in architectural and interior design, collaborating with architects to create integrated textile works for functional spaces. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunta_St%C3%B6lzl)
- Political situation worldwide:
- Irish Free State Established (1922): Following the Irish War of Independence, the Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed in 1921, leading to the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922
- Beer Hall Putsch (1923): The Beer Hall Putsch was an attempted coup in Germany led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in November 1923
- Dawes Plan (1924): The Dawes Plan was an economic agreement reached in 1924 to address Germany's reparation payments following World War I. The plan aimed to restructure Germany's debt and provide financial assistance, helping stabilize the German economy and facilitating international economic cooperation.
- General Strike in Britain (1926): In May 1926, a general strike erupted in Britain, involving millions of workers from various industries.
- Important innovations:
- Television Broadcasting (1927): In 1927, Philo Farnsworth successfully demonstrated the first fully electronic television system.
- Antibiotics - Penicillin (1928)
- Television (1925-27)
- Other important events:
- The Wall Street Crash and the Great Depression (1929)
- The Rise of Fascism: During this period, fascism gained traction in several countries
- Other iconic artworks:
- René Magritte, The treachery of Images, 1929
- Giorgio de Chirico, The Two Masks, 1926
- Piet Mondrian, Composition with Red Yellow and Blue, 1927
9. Birth of digital computing: Konrad Zuse Completes the Z3 (1941) + ENIAC (1945)
- About the event:
- Z3:
- In 1941, Konrad Zuse, a German engineer, completed the construction of the Z3, which is widely considered to be the world's first fully functional, programmable, automatic digital computer. The Z3 was an electromechanical computer that used telephone relays to perform calculations. It featured a binary floating-point arithmetic system, which allowed for highly precise computations. The Z3 was completed in Berlin in 1941. It was not considered vital, so it was never put into everyday operation. The original Z3 was destroyed on 21 December 1943 during an Allied bombardment of Berlin. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z3_(computer))
- ENIAC
- ENIAC was the first programmable, electronic, general-purpose digital computer, completed in 1945. There were other computers that had combinations of these features, but the ENIAC had all of them in one computer. It was Turing-complete and able to solve "a large class of numerical problems" through reprogramming. Although ENIAC was designed and primarily used to calculate artillery firing tables for the United States Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory (which later became a part of the Army Research Laboratory, its first program was a study of the feasibility of the thermonuclear weapon. ENIAC was a colossal machine, occupying a large room and weighing about 30 tons. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC )
- Political situation worldwide:
- World War II (1939-1945)
- Attack on Pearl Harbor (1941)
- Formation of the United Nations (1945)
- Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945)
- Important innovations:
- Nuclear / Atomic Bomb (1945)
- Microwave technology (1945)
- The Jeep (1941)
- Other iconic artworks:
- Pablo Picasso, The Charnel House (1944-45)
- Edward Hopper, Nighthawks (1942)
- Jackson Pollock, Mural (1943)
10. Cybernetics Is Born: Norbert Wiener's Cybernetics + Claude Shannon’s "A Mathematical Theory of Communication.” (1948)
- About the event:
- Cybernetics:
- "Cybernetics" is a term coined by mathematician Norbert Wiener in his book "Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine" (1948). It introduced a new framework for thinking about how systems of all kinds (biological, mechanical, social, etc.) operate and interact. This was a groundbreaking work that influenced a wide range of disciplines, from computer science to biology, engineering, philosophy, and more. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics
- Theory of Communication:
- Claude Shannon's landmark paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" was published, which established the foundations of information theory. This paper fundamentally changed our understanding of communication processes and served as the foundation for the digital age. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory
- Political situation worldwide:
- Creation of the State of Israel (1948): The Jewish State of Israel was officially declared on May 14, 1948, by David Ben-Gurion
- Berlin Blockade and Airlift (1948-1949): The Soviet Union blocked railway, road, and water access to West Berlin, prompting the United States, United Kingdom, and other Western Allies to establish the Berlin Airlift to carry supplies to the people in West Berlin.
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948): The United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on December 10, 1948
- Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi (1948): The leader of the Indian Nationalist movement, Mahatma Gandhi, was assassinated on January 30, 1948
- Election of President Truman (1948): Despite predictions of his defeat, U.S. President Harry S. Truman won re-election
- Important innovations:
- The Invention of the Transistor (1947): At Bell Labs, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invented the transistor, which revolutionized the electronics industry and paved the way for the development of almost all modern electronic devices.
- The Foundation of Information Theory (1948): Claude Shannon's landmark paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" was published. This paper established the foundations of information theory
- The Holography Concept (1947): Hungarian-British physicist Dennis Gabor developed the theory of holography while working to improve the resolution of an electron microscope.
- Other iconic artworks:
- Jackson Pollock, No. 5, (1948)
- Willem de Kooning, Woman I (1950-1952)
Check out Le Random Timeline for more historical milestones: https://timeline.lerandom.art/#/chapter-2